MARIUS SCHEEPERS LABOUR LAW ATTORNEY
LABOURATTORNEY

Labour and Employment law advice, representation and training regarding fair dismissals, Labour Court, CCMA and Bargaining Council Arbitration. CHAPTER - 6 - UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES Items covered in this chapter include :  Schedule 7 PART B - UNFAIR LABOUR PRACTICES (Ss 2-4) Section 185 - Right not to be unfairly dismissed or subjected to unfair labour practice Section 186 (2) Section 191 (1) Section 193 (4) Representation in conciliation and arbitration More information on this chapter

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys. Your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. Collective Bargaining and Industrial Action (strike and lock-out): Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below.

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys. Your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. LABOUR LAW AID Index: Click on these topics to gain access to court decisions: 1. Varied topics Administrative action, Administrative law, Collective agreement, Common law, Constitutional Law, Definition, Information, Interest dispute, Mutual interest vs rights issue, Nature of dispute, Parity principle, Protected disclosure act, Public Holidays Act 1994, Trade Union, Transfer of Employment, Unreasonable Delay Rule 2. Employment and Conditions Agreement, Conditions of employment, Contract, Constructive dismissal, Contract of employment, Employee, Employment, Labour Broker, Legal persona 3. Disciplinary hearing Disciplinary hearing, Suspension 4. Discrimination Affirmative action, Automatically unfair dismissal, Unfair Discrimination (including Retirement Age) 5. CCMA (Arbitration) Procedure Arbitration awards, Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration, Private arbitration 6. Labour Court Review Labour Court Review 7. Evidence Estoppel, Evidence 8. Urgent Applications Urgent interdict, Urgent relief 9. Collective Bargaining and Industrial Action Arbitration awards, Commission for Conciliation Mediation and Arbitration, Private arbitration 10. Dismissals Desertion, dismissal (misconduct), incapacity, poor performance 11. Unfair Labour Practice Unfair Labour Practice 12. Labour Court Procedure Condonation, costs, court appeal, damages, execution, high court jurisdiction, interdict (see also urgent interdict), joinder, jurisdiction, labour court, order, plea, prescription, reinstatement, remedies, res judicata, rule nisi 13. Retrencments (Operational Requirements) Dismissals (Retrenchment and Severance pay): SUBJECT KEYS: Click on the topic hereunder to gain access to court decisions: Newly reported Cases in Supreme Court of Appeal, Labour Appeal Court and Labour court: Johannesburg: January to June 2025. Administrative action Administrative law Affirmative action Agreement Arbitration awards Automatically unfair dismissal CCMA Collective agreement Collective bargaining Common law Conditions of employment Condonation Constitutional Law Constructive dismissal Contract Contract of employment Costs Court Appeal Damages Definition Desertion Disciplinary hearing procedure Dismissal Doctrine of common purpose Employee Employment Essential service Estoppel Evidence Execution High Court Jurisdiction Incapacity Information Interdict Interest dispute Joinder Jurisdiction Labour Broker Labour Court Review Labour Court Legal persona Lock-out Mutual interest vs rights issue Nature of dispute Order Parity principle Plea Poor performance Prescription Private arbitration Procedure Protected disclosure Act Public Holidays Act 1994 Reinstatement Remedies Representation Res judicata Retirement age Retrenchment/ Misconduct Retrenchment Review Rule Nisi Severance Pay Special Plea Strike Subpoena Suspension Trade Union Transfer of Employment Unfair Discrimination Unfair Labour Practice Unreasonable Delay Rule Urgent Interdict Urgent Relief Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below. Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below. Schematic presentation of the Labour Law

Labour and Employment law advice, representation and training regarding fair dismissals, Labour Court, CCMA and Bargaining Council Arbitration. CONTACT US Address Pretoria-East Office:  Marius Scheepers & Co Attorneys Menlyn Central Office Tower (Suite 11, 7th Floor) 125 Dallas Ave Menlyn Pretoria East Anchor 1 Marius Scheepers Business account details: Bank: ABSA Branch: Menlyn Maine Branch code: 632005 Account No: 405 473 0287 Reference: Your Username Contact us: +27 12 348 3458 (Int.)  012 348 3458 (T) 082 569 4198 (C) mariusscheepers@irodo.com (email)  Your details were sent successfully! Send

Labour and Employment law advice, representation and training regarding fair dismissals, Labour Court, CCMA and Bargaining Council Arbitration. LABOUR LAW STATUTES NEWS FLASH The latest amendments, including the withdrawal of Schedule 8 of the Labour Relations Act (the Code of Good Practice on Dismissals) and the Code of Good Practice on Operational Requirements, came into force on 4 September 2025 with the publication of the CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE: DISMISSAL Basic Conditions of Employment Act (including Amendment Act, 20 of 2013) Labour Relations Act (including Amendment Act, 6 of 2014 (01/01/2015)) To have access to our own selection of most relevant South African employment related legislation, including the contents of these acts, go here. To go to the new web based initiative to gain access to the most up to date free statutory service, go here. To get access to the table of Labour Regulations, go here. A. Here you can find all the Acts selected and issued by the Department of Labour . Get the Acts, Amendments, Codes of Good Practice, Regulations and Notices, and Sectoral Determinations published by the Department of Labour. (https://www.labour.gov.za/legislation)  Basic Condition of Employment Applies to all employers and workers and regulates leave, working hours, employment contracts, deductions, pay slips, and termination  Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Workers who are affected by occupational injuries and diseases are entitled to compensation  Employment Equity Applies to all employers and workers and protects workers and job seekers from unfair discrimination, and also provides a framework for implementing affirmative action  Labour Relations Applies to all workers and employers and aims to advance economic development, social justice, labour peace and the democracy of the workplace.  Occupational Health and Safety Aims to provide and regulate health and safety at the workplace for all workers.  Skills Development Aims to develop and improve the skills of the South African workforce.  Skills Development Levies Act Prescribes how employers should contribute to the National Skills Fund.  Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) Unemployment Insurance Contributions Act Prescribes how employers should contribute to the UIF Contributions fund.  Unemployment Insurance Act No. 63 of 2001 Provides security to workers when they become unemployed.  Manpower Training Act, 1981   B. Codes of Good Practice  Here you can find all Codes of Good Practice issued by the Department of Labour. Basic Condition of Employment Employment Equity Labour Relations Occupational Health and Safety Harassment in the Worplace  C. Regulations And Notices  Here you can find all Regulations issued by the Department of Labour. Basic Condition of Employment Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Medical Tariffs Pension Increase Employment Equity Occupational Health and Safety Skills Development Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF)  D. Sectoral Determination  Here you can find all the Sectoral Determination / Minimum wages / National Minimum Wage Act provisions, which are issued by the Department of Labour. Sectoral Determination National Minimum Wage Act E. The following list only consists of Principal Acts administered by the Department of Justice and only Amendment Acts containing substantive provisions. See under "complete list of acts".  (http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/acts/Statutes%20administered%20by%20DOJCD%20[30%20Mar%202007]%20list.pdf) 2.24 The Trespass Act, 1959 (Act 6 of 1959), prohibits the unlawful entry or presence on land and the unlawful entry of or presence in buildings in certain circumstances. 2.38 The Civil Proceedings Evidence Act, 1965 (Act 25 of 1965), regulates the law of evidence in regard to civil proceedings. The Act, among others, provides for the admissibility of evidence; competency of witnesses, sufficiency of evidence, documentary evidence; and oaths and affirmations.  2.39 The Arbitration Act, 1965 (Act 42 of 1965), provides for the settlement of disputes by arbitration tribunals in terms of written arbitration agreements and for the enforcement of the awards of such arbitration tribunals. The Act provides for matters not subject to arbitration; the effect of arbitration agreements; the appointment of arbitrators and umpires; and contains provisions relating to arbitration proceedings and awards.  2.45 The Department only administers section 4 of the Dangerous Weapons Act, 1968 (Act 71 of 1968), which provides for the penalties which are to be imposed when dangerous weapons or firearms are used in the commission of offences involving violence.  2.52 The Prescription Act, 1969 (Act 68 of 1969), consolidated and amended the laws relating to prescription. This Act provides, among others, for acquisitive and extinctive prescription; when prescription begins; and the interruption and suspension of prescription.  2.57 The Prescribed Rate of Interest Act, 1975 (Act 55 of 1975), provides for the calculation of interest on a debt, in certain circumstances, at a prescribed rate and for the payment of interest on certain judgment debts.  2.69 The Protection of Information Act, 1982 (Act 84 of 1982), provides for the protection from disclosure of certain information. The Act, among others, prohibits certain acts in relation to prohibited places; the obtaining and disclosure of certain information; and certain acts which are prejudicial to the security and interests of the Republic. Provision is also made for the disclosure of certain information.  2.96 The Domicile Act, 1992 (Act 3 of 1992), provides for domicile of choice; domicile of a person who cannot acquire a domicile of choice; succession of domicile; and the standard of proof for acquisition or loss of domicile.  2.98 The Interception and Monitoring Prohibition Act, 1992 (Act 127 of 1992), prohibits the interception of certain communications and the monitoring of certain conversations. (NOTE: The whole of this Act has been repealed by section 62(1) of the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act, 2002 (Act 70 of 2002), which will come into operation on a date to be fixed by the President by proclamation in the Gazette.)  2.126 The Contingency Fees Act, 1997 (Act 66 of 1997), regulates contingency fees agreements between legal practitioners and their clients. Provision is, among others, made for the form and content of contingency fees agreements; settlement; and that a client may claim the review of an agreement or fees.  2.138 The Promotion of Access to Information Act, 2000 (Act 2 of 2000), gives effect to section 32 of the Constitution subject to justifiable limitations, including but not limited to, limitations aimed at the reasonable protection of privacy, commercial confidentiality and effective, efficient and good governance and in a manner which balances the right of access to information with any other rights including the rights in the Bill of Rights in Chapter 2 of the Constitution.  2.139 The Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, 2000 (Act 3 of 2000), gives effect to the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair and to the right to written reasons for administrative action as contemplated in section 33 of the Constitution.  2.140 The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000 (Act 4 of 2000), gives effect to section 9 of the Constitution by providing for, among others, the equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms by every person; the promotion of equality; the values of non-racialism and non-sexism contained in section 1 of the Constitution; the prevention of unfair discrimination and protection of human dignity as contemplated in sections 9 and 10 of the Constitution; and the prohibition of advocacy of hatred, based on race, ethnicity, gender or religion, that constitutes incitement to cause harm as contemplated in section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. The Act also provides for procedures for the determination of circumstances under which discrimination is unfair, for measures to educate the public and raise public awareness on the importance of promoting equality and overcoming unfair discrimination, hate speech and harassment and to provide remedies for victims of unfair discrimination. Certain sections of the Act have not yet been put into operation.  2.141 The Protected Disclosures Act, 2000 (Act 26 of 2000), makes provision for procedures in terms of which employees in both the private and the public sector may disclose information regarding unlawful or irregular conduct by their employers or other employees in the employ of their employers. The Act further provides for the protection of employees who make a disclosure which is protected in terms of this Act.  2.149 The Institution of Legal Proceedings against Certain Organs of State Act, 2002 (Act 40 of 2002), among others, aims to regulate the prescription and to harmonise the periods of prescription of debts for which certain organs of state are liable. The Act also makes provision for notice requirements in connection with the institution of legal proceedings against certain organs of state in respect of the recovery of debt.  2.150 The Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act, 2002 (Act 70 of 2002), among others, aims to regulate the interception of certain communications, the monitoring of certain signals and radio frequency spectrums and the provision of certain communication-related information. The Act also regulates the making of applications for, and the issuing of, directions authorizing the interception of communications and the provision of communication- related information under certain circumstances. Certain provisions of the Act have not yet been implemented.  2.152 The Prevention and Combating of Corrupt Activities Act, 2004 (Act 12 of 2004), among others, aims to provide for the strengthening of measures to prevent and combat corruption and corrupt activities; the establishment and endorsement of a Register in order to place certain restrictions on persons and enterprises convicted of corrupt activities relating to tenders and contracts; and to place a duty on certain persons holding a position of authority to report certain corrupt transactions.  3.3 The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, introduces a new Constitution for the Republic of South Africa F. Other acts - 1994-2012 ( Government Gazette as published, without full amendments and amendments added separately). (http://www.info.gov.za/view/DynamicAction?pageid=544) Income Tax Act, [No. 141 of 1992], G 14144, 15 July 1992  Unemployment Insurance Amendment Act, [No. 130 of 1992], G 14134, 10 July 1992  Security Officers Amendment Act, [No. 119 of 1992], G 14123, 10 July 1992  Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation Amendment Act, [No. 50 of 1992], G 13952, 6 May 1992  Gatherings and Demonstrations Amendment Act, [No. 13 of 1992], G 13830, 13 March 1992  Computer Evidence Amendment Act, [No. 5 of 1992], G 13819, 11 March 1992  Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Amendment Act, [No. 208 of 1993], G 15449, 28 January 1994  Regulation of Gatherings Act, [No. 205 of 1993], G 15446, 28 January 1994  Occupational Health and Safety Amendment Act, [No. 181 of 1993], G 15369, 29 December 1993  Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, [No. 130 of 1993], G 15158, 6 October 1993  Insolvency Amendment Act, [No. 122 of 1993], G 14988, 20 July 1993  Occupational Health and Safety Act, [No. 85 of 1993], G 14918, 1 January 1994  Tobacco Products Control Act, [No. 83 of 1993], G 14916, 2 July 1993  Public Holidays Act, [No. 36 of 1994], G 16136, 7 December 1994  South African Citizenship Act, [No. 88 of 1995], G 16751, 6 October 1995  Interception and Monitoring Prohibition Amendment Act, [No. 77 of 1995], G 16742, 6 October 1995  Labour Relations Act, [No. 66 of 1995], G 16861, 13 December 1995  South African Qualifications Authority Act, [No. 58 of 1995], G 16725, 4 October 1995  Income Tax Act, [No. 21 of 1995], G 16542, 19 July 1995  Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, [No. 108 of 1996], G 17678, 18 December 1996  Public Service Second Amendment Act, [No. 67 of 1996], G 17562, 8 November 1996  Labour Relations Amendment Act, [No. 42 of 1996], G 17427, 10 September 1996  Mine Health and Safety Act, [No. 29 of 1996], G 17242, 14 June 1996  Basic Conditions of Employment Act, [No. 75 of 1997], G 18491, 5 December 1997  Mine Health and Safety Amendment Act, [No. 72 of 1997], G 18488, 3 December 1997  Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Amendment Act, [No. 61 of 1997], G 18430, 14 November 1997  Labour Relations Amendment Act, [No. 127 of 1998], G 19542, 2 December 1998  Local Government: Municipal Structures Act, [No. 117 of 1998], G 19614, 18 December 1998  Skills Development Act, [No. 97 of 1998], G 19420, 2 November 1998  Employment of Educators Act, [No. 76 of 1998], G 19320, 2 October 1998  Employment Equity Act, [No. 55 of 1998], G 19370, 19 October 1998  Remuneration of Public Office Bearers Act, [No. 20 of 1998], G 19274, 23 September 1998  Skills Development Levies Act, [No. 9 of 1999], G 19984, 30 April 1999  Local Government: Municipal Systems Act, [No. 32 of 2000], G 21776, 20 November 2000  Protected Disclosures Act, [No. 26 of 2000], G 21453, 7 August 2000  Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, [No. 4 of 2000], G 20876, 9 February 2000  Promotion of Administrative Justice Act, [No. 3 of 2000], G 20853, 3 February 2000  Promotion of Access to Information Act, [No. 2 of 2000], G 20852, 3 February 2000  Unemployment Insurance Act, [No. 63 of 2001], G 23064, 28 January 2002  Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Act, [No. 37 of 2001], G 22876, 29 November 2001  Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act, [No. 70 of 2002], G 24286,  Electronic Communications Security (Pty) Ltd Act, [No. 68 of 2002], G 24356, 6 February 2003  Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Amendment Act, [No. 60 of 2002], G 24283, 22 January 2003  Promotion of Access to Information Amendment Act, [No. 54 of 2002], G 24250, 15 January 2003  Promotion of Administrative Justice Amendment Act, [No. 53 of 2002], G 24354, 6 February 2003  Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Amendment Act, [No. 52 of 2002], G 24249, 15 January 2003  Institution of Legal Proceedings against Certain Organs of State Act, [No. 40 of 2002], G 24112, 28 November 2002  Electronic Communications and Transactions Act, [No. 25 of 2002], G 23708, 2 August 2002  Labour Relations Amendment Act, [No. 12 of 2002], G 23540, 24 June 2002  Basic Conditions of Employment Amendment Act, [No. 11 of 2002], G 23539, 24 June 2002  Unemployment Insurance Contributions Act, [No. 4 of 2002], G 23289, 28 March 2002  Local Government: Municipal Finance Management Act, [No. 56 of 2003], G 26019, 13 February 2004  Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment Act, [No. 53 of 2003], G 25899, 9 January 2004  Unemployment Insurance Amendment Act, [No. 32 of 2003], G 25721, 14 November 2003  Skills Development Amendment Act, [No. 31 of 2003], G 25720, 14 November 2003  Judicial Officers (Amendment of Conditions of Service) Amendment Act, [No. 28 of 2003], G 25650, 31 October 2003  Traditional Health Practitioners Act, [No. 35 of 2004], G 27275, 11 February 2005  South African Citizenship Amendment Act, [No. 17 of 2004], G 26792, 15 September 2004  Children's Act, [No. 38 of 2005], G 28944, 19 June 2006  Electronic Communications Act, [No. 36 of 2005], G 28743, 18 April 2006  National Credit Act, [No. 34 of 2005], G 28619, 15 March 2006  Electronic Communications Amendment Act , [No. 37 of 2007], G 30658, 8 January 2008  Traditional Health Practitioners Act , [No. 22 of 2007], G 30660, 10 January 2008  Mine Health and Safety Amendment Act, [No. 74 of 2008], G 32140, 17 April 2009  Companies Act, [No. 71 of 2008], G 32121, 9 April 2009  Consumer Protection Act, [No. 68 of 2008], G 32186, 29 April 2009  National Qualifications Framework Act, [No. 67 of 2008], G 31909, 17 February 2009 Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provisionof Communication-related Information Act, [No. 48 of 2008], G 31784, 9 January 2009  Dutch Reformed Churches Union Act Repeal Act, [No. 46 of 2008], G 31671, 3 December 2008  Skills Development Amendment Act, [No. 37 of 2008], G 31666, 1 December 2008  Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges Amendment Act, [No. 35 of 2008], G 31649, 27 November 2008  Skills Development Levies Amendment Act, [No. 24 of 2010], G 33854, 7 December 2010  Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Amendment Act, [No. 21 of 2010], G 33839, 3 December 2010  South African Citizenship Amendment Act, [No. 17 of 2010], G 33850, 7 December 2010  Skills Development Amendment Act, [No. 26 of 2011], G 35191, 28 March 2012  Protection from Harassment Act, [No. 17 of 2011], G 34818, 5 December 2011  Companies Amendment Act, [No. 3 of 2011], G 34243, 20 April 2011  Use of Official Languages Act, [No. 12 of 2012], G 35742, 2 October 2012

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys is based in Menlyn, Pretoria, South Africa. We are your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. Labour Law Aid for Tablet Labour Law Aid for PC Tap here to get a preview of view of list of case summaries

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys. Your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. Interdict: Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below.

Television interview on Kyknet, a DSTV Channel, about Neputism in the workplace. Television interview about Nepotism on Kyknet (Afrikaans): How to understand the application of the principle of Nepotism in the South African Labour Law.

The Move the Border Book was first published in 2020. Move the Border, Marius Scheepers To order a copy of the book, go to: 30degreessouth ISBN: 978-1-928359-79-1 R395.00 + shipping Softcover / 428 pages b/w photos & illustrations, maps 30degreessouth (SA) Youtube videos and radio recordings- interviews with the author: Legacy Conversations - Marius Scheepers - Ops Firewood 1987, to watch the video on youtube, click here. Link to afrikaans radio interview on radio station: RSG More about Move the Border: (Military History / African Studies / South African Border War) An account which strives to place the war which South Africa fought in Angola in a historically meaningful perspective. Although the conflict initially centered on the opposing agendas of the SADF and People’s Liberation Army of Namibia of SWAPO, it was to escalate and take on an international Cold War character as Angolan, Cuban, and Soviet protagonists appeared on the stage of the unfolding drama. Apart from the political resolution which was subsequently achieved in South Africa, the war represented the last African liberation struggle for independence from colonial rule. The aim of this book is to present a concise history of the Angolan Border War from 1966 to 1989. It supplements previous books which have covered periods of the war by breaking the entire duration of the conflict down into six distinctive phases and meticulously reconstructing twenty specific military operations in Angola which changed the course of the war. The perspective which the strategy affords should enable readers to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the individual phases of the war and the context which they provide for its final outcome. Two highly significant events of the war, the battles of Cuvelai (1983/84) and the battle at Indungo (1987), are subjected to particular scrutiny in the overall narrative. The battle at Indungo has been relatively neglected by writers and historians prior to the publication of this book. The information included in some six chapters of this book forms part of a dissertation for the degree M SocSci at the University of Pretoria which the author completed under the supervision of the acclaimed historian, Professor Fransjohan Pretorius, at the end of 2019. The study carries the title: The Battle at Indungo, 31 October 1987: An SADF military venture against SWAPO in the Angolan Border War. Afrikaans book review / Afrikaans boek resensie : Meer as 30 jaar ná die beëindiging van die Namibiese Vryheidsoorlog (1966–1989) – ook na verwys as die Suid-Afrikaanse (of Angolese) Grensoorlog of Bosoorlog – duur die belangstelling in dié stryd steeds voort. Hierdie uitgerekte konflik, wat deel uitmaak van die selfs meer omvangryke Suider-Afrikaanse Oorlog van 1961 (toe die onafhanklikheidstryd in Angola begin het) tot 2002 (toe Jonas Savimbi doodgeskiet is), en wat die onafhanklikheidstryd in Rhodesië/Zimbabwe en in Mosambiek insluit, asook die bevrydingstryd in Suid-Afrika, ontlok steeds veel debat en omstredenheid. Kort nadat die destydse Suid-Afrikaanse Weermag (SAW) se betrokkenheid in Suidwes-Afrika (SWA)/Namibië en in Angola in 1989 geëindig het, het enkele boeke soos dié van Willem Steenkamp, Suid-Afrika se Grensoorlog 1966–1989 verskyn (1989, soos ook die Engelse weergawe, South Africa’s Border War 1966–1989). Daarna het gevolg boeke soos Peter Stiff se The silent war: South African Recce operations, 1969–1994 (1999; tweede uitgawe in 2004), maar dit was eers vanaf die aanbreek van die nuwe millennium dat die stroom "Grensoorlogboeke" in momentum toegeneem het. Dit het regimentsgeskiedenisse soos Paul J Els se We fear naught but God: The story of the South African Special Forces "The Recces" (2000; hersiene uitgawes in 2009) en Louis Bothma se Die Buffel struikel: ’n Storie van 32 Bataljon en sy mense (2006; met verskeie herdrukke en heruitgawes, ook in Engels beskikbaar as Buffalo soldiers: South Africa's 32 Battalion, 2008) en Graham Gillmore, Pathfinder Company: 44 Parachute Brigade (2010) ingesluit, asook persoonlike herinneringe soos Chopper pilot: The adventures and experiences of Monster Williams (2000; herdruk in 2008), Jack Greeff se A greater share of honour (2001) en Granger Korff se 19 with a bullet: A South African paratrooper in Angola (2009); en ander boeke soos Anthony Feinstein se Battle scarred: Hidden costs of the Border War (2011; met ’n Afrikaanse vertaling dieselfde jaar, naamlik Kopwond: Vergete slagoffers van die Bosoorlog) en Leopold Scholtz, Die SAW in die Grensoorlog 1966–1989 (2013; met ’n Engelse weergawe dieselfde jaar, The SADF in the Border War); en nog baie, baie ander. Kyk verder ook nog byvoorbeeld Jannie Geldenhuys (hoof van die SA Leër, 1980–1985, en hoof van die SAW, 1985–1990) se Dié wat wen: ’n Generaal se storie uit ’n era van oorlog en vrede (1993; met ’n Engelse weergawe wat in 1995 verskyn het, naamlik A general’s story from an era of war and peace, asook ’n ietwat gewysigde weergawe in Afrikaans in 2007, wat ook in Engels verskyn het); en Magnus Malan (hoof van die SA Leër 1973–1976; hoof van die SAW, 1976–1980, en minister van verdediging, 1980–1991), My lewe saam met die SA Weermag (2006; met in dieselfde jaar ’n Engelse vertaling, naamlik My life with the SA Defence Force). En dan is daar ook nog literêre werke, byvoorbeeld D Burness (red), On the shoulder of Mati: Cuban literature of the Angolan War (1996) en Jeanette Ferreira (red), Grensoorlogstories (2012). Een van die jongste toevoegings tot die Grensoorlog-historiografie is Move the border: A history of the greatest battles of the Angolan Border War 1966–1989, deur Marius Scheepers. Scheepers, ’n prokureur van beroep, is ’n veteraan van die Grensoorlog, en was ’n offisier in 32 Bataljon. Sy vorige boek was dus ook nie toevallig Striking inside Angola with 32 Battalion (2012) nie. Sy 2020-boek, Move the border, is deels gebaseer op die MSocSci-verhandeling wat hy in 2019 aan die Universiteit van Pretoria voltooi het. Die titel van sy verhandeling was "The Battle of Indungo, 31 October 1987: An SADF military venture against SWAPO in the Angolan Border War". Minstens vier van Moving the border se 12 hoofstukke is grootliks gebaseer op bogenoemde verhandeling. Vir die doeleindes van die boekpublikasie het die skrywer egter sy fokus verskuif van ’n enkele veldslag (Indungo) na die Grensoorlog as geheel, ten einde ’n oorsig van al ses fases van die stryd (soos hy dit indeel) te verskaf. In hoofstuk 1 word die eerste fase bespreek: die jare van lae-intensiteit-oorlogvoering, 1966–1975. In hoofstuk 2 stel Scheepers die oorlog se rolspelers bekend en hoofstuk 3 wy hy aan die verskillende wyses waarop die (Angolese) Grensoorlog geïnterpreteer (kan) word. Dit sou waarskynlik beter gewees het om hoofstuk 2 as die eerste hoofstuk in te sluit, met hoofstuk 3 dan die tweede hoofstuk. Anders sou dele van hoofstuk 3 by die slothoofstuk ingesluit kon gewees het. In hoofstuk 4 word die gebeure van 1975 tot 1976 aan die oorlogsfront onder die loep geneem, met ander woorde die tweede oorlogsfase, wat Operasie Savannah insluit. Oorgrensoperasies in die jare 1976 tot 1980 (die derde oorlogsfase) word in hoofstuk 5 aan die orde gestel, insluitende Operasie Reindeer. Vervolgens word oorgrensoperasies in die jare 1980 tot 1984 in hoofstuk 6 en hoofstuk 7 bespreek (die vierde oorlogsfase), insluitende (om maar net enkele voorbeelde te noem) Operasie Protea, Operasie Super en Operasie Askari. Die hele hoofstuk 7 word aan laasgenoemde operasie gewy – insluitende die belangwekkende gevegte te Cuvelai. Koverte guerrilla-oorlogvoering in die jare 1984 tot 1986 (die vyfde oorlogsfase) is die tema van hoofstuk 8, waarna die semikonvensionele oorlogvoering van 1986 tot 1989 (die sesde en laaste fase van die stryd) in hoofstuk 9 bespreek word. Nadat Scheepers in hoofstuk 9 ’n oorsig van die militêre verloop van sake in die jare 1986 tot 1989 gegee het, fokus hy in hoofstuk 10 op die aanloop tot die slag by Indungo, alvorens hy in hoofstuk 11 die gevegsgebeure te Indungo as sodanig in besonderhede bespreek. Dan volg die slothoofstuk (12), waar bepaalde vergelykende en oorkoepelende gevolgtrekkings gemaak word. Terloops, die titel van die boek, Move the border, verwys na die politieke direktief wat die SAW ontvang het om die stryd teen Swapo oor die grens en dus na Angola te neem, en in die proses dus by wyse van spreke die grens van SWA/Namibië noordwaarts te "verskuif". Die idee was immers om die stryd so ver as moontlik weg van SWA/Namibiese grondgebied te voer. Soos wat hakkejagoperasies in omvang en intensiteit toegeneem het, is die denkbeeldige nuwe grens steeds verder verskuif. Per slot van rekening het die SAW immers met verloop van tyd ook by die Angolese burgeroorlog betrokke geraak deur Unita (vroeër ook die FNLA) te steun. Scheepers se boek sluit aan by die bestaande bronne oor die Grensoorlog, maar vul hulle ook hier en daar aan, veral wat betref die gebeure te Indungo. Deur ses fases te identifiseer gee hy ’n bepaalde struktuur aan die gebeure. Hy rekonstrueer 20 spesifieke militêre operasies, met die klem op twee operasies wat volgens hom van deurslaggewende belang was, naamlik die gevegte te Cuvelai (31 Desember 1983 tot 4 Januarie 1984) en die geveg by Indungo (31 Oktober 1987). Veral laasgenoemde geveg (asook Operasie Firewood, waartydens die geveg plaasgevind het) is tot dusver relatief gesproke deur historici afgeskeep. Dit lê nou op die weg van Scheepers – of ander navorsers – om sommige van die ander Grensoorlog-operasies en gevegte ook nog in veel meer besonderhede te beskryf en te ontleed. Die geskiedenis van die Grensoorlog is inderdaad nog nie "uitgeskryf" nie. Verder is daar ook nog derduisende veterane (van alle vegtende partye), asook burgerlikes wat in die oorlogsone vasgevang was, wat steeds worstel met die emosionele en ander gevolge van die konflik. By baie van hulle is daar die behoefte om hul stories te vertel, of om afsluiting te (probeer) vind deur wat ander oor gemeenskaplike ervaringe skryf. By sommige is daar ’n nostalgiese terugverlang na die “heroïese” verlede, of die "goeie ou dae", of die kameraderie wat te velde met medestryders ervaar is. Gelukkig is daar ook diegene (insluitende ’n jonger geslag Suid-Afrikaners, Namibiërs, Angolese en ander) wat bloot ’n eerlike behoefte daaraan het om te probeer vasstel wat presies tydens die oorlog gebeur het. Dit sluit militêre-geskiedenis-entoesiaste van regoor die wêreld in. ’n Boek soos Moving the border is uiteraard in hierdie verband ’n waardevolle bron, aangesien dit ’n goednagevorste studie is wat feite op die tafel plaas. Of die Grensoorlog regverdig kan word, of dit reg of verkeerd was, oor wie waaraan skuldig was, daaroor kan (en moet) gedebatteer word, maar dit moet nie die bestudering en boekstawing van die militêre gebeure as sodanig beïnvloed nie. Dit mag ook nie mense ontmoedig om militêre geskiedenis te bestudeer of diegene wat daarin belangstel en ’n studie daarvan maak, in ’n negatiewe lig te stel nie. Militêre geskiedenis is immers ’n belangrike dimensie van geskiedenis in die algemeen (naas talle ander fasette), en daarsonder kan dit wat in die verlede gebeur het, nie ten volle begryp word nie. In die geskiedenis van Afrikaanssprekende blankes is die "grens"-konsep belangrik. Vergelyk in hierdie verband byvoorbeeld die geskiedenis van die Oos-Kaapse grensboere en die nege sogenaamde grensoorloë in die Oos-Kaap in die periode 1779 tot 1878. Hou ook in gedagte dat tydens die Groot Trek van die 1830’s en vroeë 1840’s die Voortrekkers ook grense oorgesteek en verskuif het. Vroeër was die Groot Trek en die Anglo-Boereoorlog (1899–1902) die mees epogmakende gebeurtenisse in die geskiedenis van die Afrikaner. Die Grensoorlog van 1966 tot 1989 het waarskynlik vir duisende Afrikaanssprekendes – en derduisende ander deelnemers – ’n epogmakende gebeurtenis geword. Daar moet egter gewaak word teen die skep van mites. Terselfdertyd moet mense wat aan die Grensoorlog deelgeneem het (in die meeste gevalle sonder dat hulle ’n keuse gehad het) – soos ook die geskiedenis as sodanig – nie verkriminaliseer word nie. Hou ook in gedagte dat alle Suid-Afrikaners ’n groot stuk geskiedenis deel, en dat ons almal van ons eie maar ook van ons gedeelde (gemeenskaplike) geskiedenis moet rekenskap gee – en wel op ’n ingeligte en gebalanseerde wyse. Kennis van en insig in geskiedenis stel ’n mens ook in staat om te kan vergewe, sonder die noodsaak om te vergeet. Moving the border beslaan altesaam 428 bladsye, waarvan 397 bladsye teks is. Daar is ’n enkele bylae (bl 409) wat ’n lys van 20 SAW- militêre operasies (1966–1988) bevat. Ongeveer 40 foto's en kaarte word by die publikasie ingesluit. Die omvangryke saakregister (ble 417–28) sal die ernstige leser/navorser/student in staat stel om die magdom feite en ander inligting in die publikasie maklik te kan ontsluit. Verder is daar meer as 1 100 voetnote, wat ’n aanduiding is dat Scheepers die geraadpleegde bronne goed benut het. Genadiglik is dié bronverwysings inderdaad as voetnote onderaan die onderskeie bladsye geplaas en nie as eindnotas nader aan die einde van die boek nie. Die ernstige leser kan dus maklik teks en voetnote saam lees sonder om alewig agtertoe te gaan vir die bronverwysings. (Mag alle uitgewers en skrywers tog asseblief bronverwysings as voetnote hanteer en nie as eindnotas nie.) Die redelik omvangryke bronnelys (ble 410–6) getuig van die verskeidenheid bronne wat die skrywer geraadpleeg het, insluitende argivale bronne, hoewel laasgenoemde meesal met die slag van Indungo te make het. Die res van die boek is hoofsaaklik op sekondêre werke gebaseer. Soms is daar darem ook net te veel op één bepaalde bron gekonsentreer – kyk byvoorbeeld ble 107–10 en 117–22. Wanneer verwys word na koverte operasies waarby die SAW se Spesiale Magte, ondersteun deur die SA Vloot, betrokke was, sou dit ook raadsaam gewees het om die hoogs informatiewe bron van Arnè Söderlund en Douw Steyn, Ystervuis uit die see: Uiters geheime seewaartse Recce-operasies (1978–1988) (2018) te raadpleeg, of die vroeëre Engelse weergawes, naamlik Iron fist from the sea: South Africa's seaborne raiders 1978–1988 (2014) en Iron fist from the sea: Top secret Recce operations (1978–1988) (2018). Scheepers skryf onbeskaamd vanuit ’n Suid-Afrikaanse/SAW-perspektief. Dit is sy goeie reg, maar ideaal gesproke moet die "ander kant" ook in meer besonderhede by wyse van spreke aan die woord kom en gehoor word. Dit sou dus raadsaam wees vir die belangstellende leser om naas boeke soos dié van Scheepers ook boeke te raadpleeg wat ’n breër (of selfs alternatiewe) perspektief op die Grensoorlog verskaf, byvoorbeeld Ian Liebenberg, Jorge Risquet en Vladimir Shubin (reds), A far-away war: Angola, 1975–1989 (2015), en verder ook onder meer die werke van Gennady Shubin en Andrei Tokarev (reds), Bush War: The road to Cuito Cuanavale. Soviet soldiers' accounts of the Angolan War (2011). Nieteenstaande die kritiek wat hier en daar hier bo uitgespreek is, lewer Marius Scheepers se Moving the border: A history of the greatest battles of the Angolan Border War 1966–1989 sonder enige twyfel ’n bydrae tot die beter verstaan van die sogenaamde Grensoorlog en is dit ’n belangrike toevoeging tot die Grensoorlog-historiografie. Dit is ook verblydend dat ’n studie wat suksesvol vir akademiese graaddoeleindes voltooi is, deel van ’n boekpublikasie geword het en dat die akademiese navorsingsbevindinge gevolglik aan ’n wyer gehoor bekendgestel word. Die laaste woord oor die omstrede konflik van 1966 tot 1989 in die geskiedenis van Suider-Afrika is egter nog nie gespreek nie. Die bespreking moet dus voortgaan. Uiteraard is dit belangrik dat die debat gebalanseerd en op feite gebaseer moet wees, en dat stem aan alle rolspelers verleen moet word.

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys. Your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. Varied topics Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below.

Marius Scheepers & Company Attorneys. Your preferred Labour Attorney and Employment Lawyer dealing with your contracts, disciplinary hearings and Labour Court and CCMA Arbitration. Unfair Labour Practice: Please wait a few seconds for the graphic to load below.

Labour and Employment law advice, representation and training regarding fair dismissals, Labour Court, CCMA and Bargaining Council Arbitration. CHAPTER - 5 - Urgent applications, Review applications and Appeals to the Labour Appeal Court. Items covered in this chapter include :  Urgent interim relief in the Labour Court Criteria for the granting of urgent relief Procedure Conclusion Application for review of any grant that is permissible in law in terms of section 158(1)(g) and reviews of arbitration awards of the Commission in terms of section 145 Procedure Appeals to the Labour Appeal Court Applications at the CCMA Procedures not specifically provided for in other rules PRACTICE DIRECTION 1 OF 1997 Other provisions contained in the Labour Court rules Interlocutory applications Withdrawals and postponements Heads of argument Partnerships, firms and associations Consolidation of proceedings Joinder of parties, intervention as applicant or respondent, amendment of citation and substitution of parties Consolidation of proceedings Pagination How to join or substitute parties to proceedings (CCMA) How to correct the citation of a party (CCMA) More information on this chapter